The Payment Services Directive, which was introduced 4 years ago, is still an important force that shapes the payment landscape in the EU. Its aim is to ensure the userfriendliness, safety and efficiency of payments throughout the European Union/European Economic Area, in particular for credit transfers, direct debit mandates, card payments, as well as for money transfer services. The PSD also introduces regulation on the ‘payment institution’ to already existing payment schemes such as credit and money institutions.